A communication satellite function as an overhead wireless repeater station that provides a microwave connection link in between two geographically remote places. Because of its high altitude, satellite transmissions can cover a huge area around the surface of the earth. Every satellite phone is ready with numerous "transponders" consisting of a transceiver and an antenna tuned to some certain component of the allocated spectrum. The incoming signal is amplified and then rebroadcast on the diverse frequency. Most satellites simply broadcast whatever they receive, and are typically referred to as "bent pipes". These were traditionally utilised to support applications for example Television broadcasts and voice telephony. In current times, the use of satellites in packet info transmission has been within the rise. They are typically employed in WAN networks in which they supply backbone links to geographically dispersed LAN's and MAN's.
Satellite-based telecommunication systems deliver two important benefits, i.e.
- independence of terrestrial infrastructure and
- global coverage.
Satellite handset connection channels are characterized by:
- Extensive Region coverage on the earth's surface.
- Lengthy transmission delays.
- Broadcast transmission.
- Large Channel Bandwidth.
- Transmission costs independent of Distance.
The received microwave energy involved in satellite mobile phone links is commonly very smaller (of the order of a couple of 100 picowatts). This indicates that specially developed earth stations that keep C/N (carrier to noise ratio) to some minimum are utilised to transmit/receive satellite phone communications. The front-end receiver is the most vital component with the transceiver and is really a major aspect in the general cost of the satellite Earth Station. It normally employs a huge antenna (Gain of a parabolic antenna is proportional on the square of its diameter) and a very linear, low noise microwave amplifier (LNA).
Satellite phone links can run in diverse frequency bands and use separate carrier frequencies for that up-link and down-link. The use of C bands was most typical in 1st generation Satellite phone systems. Even so this band is already crowded as terrestrial microwave links also use these frequencies. The existing trend is toward the higher frequencies of Ku and Ka bands. Attenuation because of rain is a important problem in each of these bands. Also due to the higher frequencies, microwave gear is nevertheless really expensive, specifically in the Ka band.
Current Satellites are often equipped with numerous transponders. The location with the earth's surface covered by a satellite's transmission beam is referred to as the "footprint" on the satellite phone transponders. The up-link is a very directional, point to point link making use of a substantial gain dish antenna at the ground station. The down-link can have a substantial footprint providing protection for substantial location or even a "spot beam" may be utilized to focus large power over a small region thus requiring less expensive and scaled-down ground stations. Moreover, some satellites can dynamically redirect their beams and thus adjust their coverage spot.
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